Description

Tirzepatide Peptide

Tirzepatide is an analog peptide to the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is a hormone produced by the duodenum and small intestine. It acts as an incretin and stimulates the production of insulin. Unlike GIP, which is made of 42 amino acids, Tirzepatide has a modified amino acid chain consisting of 39 amino acids which are additionally lipidated to improve the peptide’s uptake into cells and its stability during metabolism.^[1] Tirzepatide is being investigated for its potential impact in research within the context of type 2 diabetes, obesity, bone metabolism, the pancreas, and the central nervous system.

Specifications

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C₂₂₅H₃₄₈N₄₈O₆₈

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 4813.45 g/mol

SEQUENCE: YXEGTFTSDY-SIXLDKIAQK-AFVQWLIAGG-PSSGAPPPS

Tirzepatide Research

TIRZEPATIDE ACTION
Tirzepatide is a GIP-analog that appears to activate both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors. Generally, the peptide is reported to be a more potent activator for GIP than GLP-1 receptors. Both of those receptors can be found in the pancreas but also in other organs. Usually, the small intestine produces GLP-1 and GIP when certain nutrients are in its lumen. For example, researchers posit that GIP is triggered by the hyperosmolarity of glucose that enters the duodenum after caloric intake.^[2] The GIP and GLP-1 peptides are then released in the blood and travel to the corresponding receptors. Activating either of those receptors in the pancreas may stimulate the beta-cells to produce insulin in a glucose-dependent manner. However, the effect is glucose-dependent, so GIP or GIP analogs like Tirzepatide do not appear to trigger insulin secretion if glucose levels are low or average, and this reduces the risk of hypoglycemia. GIP receptors can also be found in the gut, adipose tissue, heart, pituitary, and inner layers of the adrenal cortex.^[3] GLP-1 receptors have also been discovered in the gut, exocrine pancreas, brain, heart, lung, and kidney.^[4]

TIRZEPATIDE AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL
The main potential of Tirzepatide is posited to be in the reduction of blood sugar levels and improved glucose control, as exhibited in researhc models of type 2 diabetes. Studies suggest that due to this dual agonist behavior, Tirzepatide may have a high efficacy for improving glycemic control compared to anti-diabetic compounds such as GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, or DPP-4 inhibitors.^[5] Moreover, Tirzepatide may also help improve insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in models of type 2 diabetes. Studies note that the peptide appeared to reduce insulin resistance as measured by the HOMA2-IR index, and the effect was more remarkable when compared to GLP-1 agonists. Thomas et al. explained that the improvement appeared to be primarily independent of weight reduction and noted that “weight loss explained only 13% and 21% of improvement in HOMA2-IR with Tirzepatide.” ^[6]

TIRZEPATIDE AND WEIGHT LOSS
A meta-analysis of 9 clinical studies that covered more than 7,000 subjects with diabetes reported that Tirzepatide may lead to more weight loss than potential GLP-1 agonists such as Semaglutide.^[7] The duration of the studies ranged from 8 to 52 weeks, and the subjects achieved 5kg weight loss on average. Moreover, Tirzepatide appeared to exhibit better glycemic control than Semaglutide and insulin. Permana et al. concluded, “Tirzepatide has shown superiority in glycemic control and body weight reduction with a good safety profile in patients with T2D.” Tirzepatide has been suggested to induce weight loss regardless of whether the test subject has diabetes. In a clinical trial with 2,539 obese subjects and at least one weight-related complication (excluding diabetes),Tirzepatide exposure was reported to lead to a dramatic reduction in weight.^[8] In 72 weeks of exposure, subjects had at least a 20% reduction in weight or more, compared to only 3% weight loss in the placebo group for the same period.

TIRZEPATIDE AND HEPATOPROTECTION
Tirzepatide has been reported to improve markers of liver function in research models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).^[9] Apart from reducing liver enzymes such as ALT and AST, the peptide also appeared to lower markers of liver cell death, such as K-18, and markers of liver fibrosis, such as Pro-C3.^[10] The results of another trial suggests that Tirzepatide may also lead to a significant reduction in liver fat content, which is another direct marker for NAFLD.^[11] In 52 weeks, the peptide appeared to lead to an average 8% reduction in liver fat.

OTHER BENEFITS UNDER INVESTIGATION
Tirzepatide is currently being researched for its potential impact on cardiovascular system, the kidneys, and the heart.^[12] In models of type 2 diabetes, Tirzepatide might slow the decline of kidney function and the progression of chronic kidney disease.^[13] Furthermore, researchers hypothesize that Tirzepatide exposure may improve lipid profiles in such instances. After 26 weeks, one study by Wilson et al. reported that the peptide appeared to decrease apoB, apoC-III, LDL levels, and triglycerides. Wilson et al. indicated that “At 26 weeks, change in apoC-III, but not body weight, was the best predictor of changes in triglycerides with Tirzepatide, explaining up to 22.9% of their variability.”^[14] The researchers also noted that the improvement in the lipid profile of the research models appeared partially independent of the apparent weight loss.

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References